Which of the following factors can help reduce traffic congestion?

Implementing public transportation systems and alternative travel incentives is highly effective in reducing traffic congestion for several reasons. Efficient public transportation provides an attractive alternative to driving, encouraging people to utilize buses, trains, or other modes rather than relying on personal vehicles. This shift reduces the overall number of vehicles on the roads and lessens the demand for parking.

Moreover, alternative travel incentives—such as carpooling programs, ride-sharing options, and dedicated lanes for public transportation and bicycles—can further diminish single-occupancy vehicle trips. By promoting these alternatives, communities can mitigate congestion, improve mobility, and enhance sustainability in urban areas.

In contrast, simply increasing the number of parking spaces tends to encourage more vehicle use, which can ultimately worsen congestion. Restricting vehicle ownership can be seen as limiting and may not address the underlying issues of demand. Lowering speed limits on all roads might reduce accidents and improve safety, but it does not directly tackle the broader issue of traffic volume. Thus, the approach of implementing public transportation and promoting alternative travel methods stands out as the most effective strategy for alleviating congestion.